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Military logistics is the discipline of planning and executing the movement, supply and sustainment of military forces. Broadly speaking, these are military aspects or operations that deal with:
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And the corresponding Latin word logisticus. This in turn comes from the Greek word logos, which means principles of thought and action.
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Another Latin root, log-, around 1380 gave rise to logio, meaning to dwell or stay, and became the French verb loger, meaning "house." Around 1670, King Louis XIV of France created the position of maréchal des logis, an officer responsible for planning marches, establishing camps, and regulating transport and supplies. Soon the term logistics began to refer to its functions.
It is in this sense that Antoine-Chrys Jominy refers to the term in his book A Summary of the Art of War (1838). In the English translation, the word was "logistics".
In 1888, Charles Rogers opened a course in naval logistics at the Naval War College. In Farrow's Military Cyclopedia (1895) Edward S. Farrow and a tactics instructor at West Point gave this definition:
Bardin considers the use of the word by some authors to be more ambitious than accurate. It comes from the Latin Logista, administrator or commander of the Roman army. It is a branch of military art that includes all the details of the movement and supply of troops. It includes the work of Ordnance, Quartermaster, Household, Medical and Payment Departments. It also includes the preparation and regulation of magazines, the conduct of campaigns, all orders for campaigns, and other orders of the General-in-Chief relating to the movement and supply of troops.[6]
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The term became popular during World War II. In his book Logistics in World War II: A Final Account of the Army's Service Forces, LeRoy Lutes defined the term more broadly:
The word "Logistics" has been given many shades of meaning. General definition: "A branch of military art that includes the details of the transport, deployment and support of troops in military operations." As the word is used in the following pages, it has a wider meaning. It includes all military activities that are not covered by the terms "strategy" and "tactics". In this field, logistics includes the procurement, storage and distribution of equipment and supplies; transportation of troops and cargo by land, sea and air transport; construction and maintenance of facilities; communication by wire, radio and mail; care for the sick and injured; and personnel integration, classification, assignment, welfare and separation.[7]
The science of planning and executing the movement and service of forces. In its fullest sense, it deals with the following aspects of military operations: design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation and disposal of materials; transportation of personnel; acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation and disposal of facilities; purchase or provide services; and supporting medical and health services.[8]
Historically, supplies for an army were primarily obtained through foraging or looting, but if you travel to a desolate area or stay in one place too long, resources can quickly run out. The second method was to carry what the army needed by ship, cargo, wagons, or on the backs of soldiers. This allowed the army a degree of self-sufficiency, and until the 19th century most of the ammunition needed for tire campaign could be carried on it. However, this method led to a large freight train that could slow down the army's advance, and the development of faster firearms destroyed the army's ability to be self-sustaining. Since the Industrial Revolution, new technological, technical and administrative advances have led to a third method, which is to store stocks in the rear area and transport them to the front. This led to the "logistics revolution" that began in the 20th century and greatly improved the capabilities of modern armies, while making them heavily dependent on this new system.
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De re militari, written by Publius Flavius Vegetius Ratus in the late 4th century, is an authoritative text that sheds light on logistics, strategies and tactics, and the training regime of soldiers in the late 19th century. "The Roman Empire. , some of which were preserved and modified during the medieval period. It was widely used as a military manual during the medieval period and reflects the medieval heritage and adaptation of the Roman military infrastructure.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, one of the most important changes in military organization was the transition from a centralized army to a unified military force composed of local troops. According to the De ordine palatii - created in the late 9th century to illustrate the organization of the courts under the French kings Louis III and Carloman II - local troops often worked indoors during times of peace, receiving food and supplies. senior officials. at home. Agricultural magnates used their resources for their estates, and during the rule of Charlemagne and the Ottonian dynasty in Germany, some household leaders built permanent warehouses and dwellings to store goods or supplies.
During the march, soldiers in the medieval period (5th-15th centuries in Europe) were tasked with either foraging, looting (common during sieges), or buying food from roadside markets. Even so, military commanders often provided their troops with food and supplies, but if these soldiers worked in the king's household, they would make up for their wages, and if they did not, the soldiers would have to pay for it out of their wages. to work in the king's house for cost or profit.
Some early governments, such as the Carolingians of the 8th century, required soldiers to have three months' supply of food, but fed them for free if a campaign or siege was in progress. Later, during the German Civil War of the early 1070s, Saxon soldiers were forced to bring supplies for tire campaign.
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As for transporting food for the soldiers and livestock accompanying the army in the countryside, the soldiers needed 2,500 kilograms of food, the horses about 9,000 kilograms of food, and 19,000 kilograms (including 1/2 grain). other pregnant animals (such as donkeys and oxen) needed per day.
Commanders can also bring their cattle to supply their MS with fresh meat while on the move. About 1,000 cattle can graze about 14,000 m2 of land 24 hours a day.
Pack animals were used as a means of transport for food and supplies, either by carrying them directly on their backs - a medieval horse and mule could carry around 100 kilograms - or by pulling carts or wagons depending on the weather.
Commanders also used water transport during the medieval period, as it was often more efficient than land transport. Before the Crusades, medium-sized sea ships could carry several tens of tons of cargo. Trucks were also used and were often Nordic type, Utrecht type or proto-cog. River boats, similar to the proto-cogs, which looked like simple log boats, were also used, as the larger boats could carry supplies and animal cargo of up to 15 metric tons. These ships made it much easier and more reliable for the commander to transport supplies, often soldiers; but the ability to use water transport was limited by geography, weather conditions and the availability of these vessels.
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In the Eastern Mediterranean, many ships were smaller than those used in ancient times, often with a cargo capacity of no more than 30-40 tons. Shipping by sea is not necessarily easier than shipping by land, as factors such as loading and unloading, storage, and transportation complicate things for an army that may not be ashore.
In addition to food and fodder, commanders and soldiers carried weapons and armor with them. In Charlemagne's letter to Abbot Fulrad, the king states that the horsemen must be ready with their weapons and equipment, including "shields, lances, swords, daggers, bows and quivers with arrows."
Similarly, according to the Visigothic law code (ca. 680), soldiers had to be equipped with armor and shields for the campaign. This practice was common in the pre-Crusade period. Soldiers often obtained supplies from local artisans: blacksmiths, carpenters, and tanners often supplied local militia units with cooking utensils, bows and arrows, horseshoes, and saddles.
Archaeologists have also found evidence of goods production in excavations of royal houses, suggesting that the Roman infrastructure of central weapons and equipment factories was inherited, even if the factories were decentralized. Additionally, according to the Capitulare de Villis, all houses during the reign of Charlemagne had to have carpenters to produce weapons and armor.
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